The Spanish occupation by the Moors began in 711 AD when an African army, under their leader Tariq ibn-Ziyad, crossed the Strait of Gibraltar from northern Africa and invaded the Iberian peninsula. A European scholar sympathetic to the Spaniards remembered the conquest in this way:

”The reins of their horses were as fire, their faces black as pitch, their eyes shone like burning candles, their horses were swift as leopards and the riders fiercer than a wolf in a sheepfold at night . . . The noble Goths [the German rulers of Spain] were broken in an hour, quicker than tongue can tell. Oh luckless Spain!”

Quoted in Edward Scobie, ”The Moors and Portugal’s Global Expansion”, in Golden Age of the Moor, ed Ivan Van Sertima, US, Transaction Publishers, 1992, p.336…

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